Marketing Safari

The Democratic Power of Facebook - The case of Iceland

I gave a talk a couple of weeks ago about the role of social media in the revolution in Egypt, a topic that I find very interesting as a social media explorer and political scientist. After my talk we had a Q&A session where one of the questions was whether I thought we would see this development spread to Western Europe.

It has already. In 2008 the Icelandic economy collapsed with dire consequences for the people. No one took responsibility, neither the financial system nor the government. It took the people of Iceland some time to just grasp what had happened, but when they did, the anger built up and demonstrations were organized, demanding the resignation of the government.

These demonstrations were mainly organized through Facebook. With up to 112% in certain age groups being on Facebook, according to their statistics, Facebook has proven to be an incredibly powerful tool to gather people around a cause they find just.

This doesn't just go for organizing demonstrations and regime revolts, but also other political matters. A 23 year old Nepalese girl came to Iceland as an au-pair and has been studying at a college here for a year, being top of her class and aiming for a PhD. This month her VISA expired and she was denied a prolonged VISA. In Nepal she has been given away to marry a 40 year old man who she has never met to provide for her family. Her future is bleak in Nepal.

Her story was covered in one of the major newspapers in Iceland and the people objected to her treatment immediately. A Facebook page was created in her support and in just a few days she has gotten over 13.000 supporters and a petition to the immigration authorities to review their verdict. Her story moved Icelanders, like this comment on her support page on Facebook shows:

I just saw your interview on visir.is and I must say you are an inspiration. I realize now the opportunities I have taken for granted by being born into a welfare country....I think I will have a hard time being irritated about things now because these problems are so tiny compared to what you have to face. It's just hard to be pissed about the computer being slow, not being able to afford a new TV and the car being broken after watching your interview since those things are such luxury problems. Hope you'll reach your goals and if your family desperately needs support I think Icelanders would gladly support them with donations even though we need our share of financial support ;).

All the best. Tomas Palsson

This has turned out to be fruitful as the immigration authorities agreed this week to take her application up for a review:

I want to you all for the support and the help. I have found new hope in my heart and a reaseon to smile ♥ I hereby send you 13.706 hugs :) With love Priyanka Thapa

Today we are having a referendum in Iceland, again something we can in a way thank Facebook. We are voting about the ICESAVE law - a law stating whether Icelandic tax payers should repay the Dutch and British governments for what they guaranteed depositors in their country when Icesave fell, a banking scheme run by a privately owned bank registered in Iceland.

After long negotiations the parliament accepted the law to the people's dislike. A new petition was started challenging the president to veto the law and send to the nation for a final say. In just a few days 20% of all voters signed the petition and the President vetoed the law. Since then, the battle between NO-sayers and YES-sayers is primarily fought on Facebook. 

Now I'm going to close the computer and use my democratic right to vote in this referendum, which I can probably thank Facebook for :)

Hjörtur Smárason

 

Viva la revealution! - Fear vs. Information in the Wikileaks Cyber War

 

FEAR has been the most powerful weapon of all politicians. Fear of god, fear of prosecution, fear of burning in hell, fear of war, fear of shame, fear of recession, fear of loosing a job, fear of the "other", fear of the unknown. Fear nurtures on one thing. Ignorance. And ignorance is fought with information.

"The very word "secrecy" is repugnant in a free and open society; and we are as a people inherently and historically opposed to secret societies, to secret oaths and to secret proceedings. We decided long ago that the dangers of excessive and unwarranted concealment of pertinent facts far outweighed the dangers which are cited to justify it."

John F Kennedy, 1961

In the cyber war we are witnessing today we have Wikileaks revealing information and the government spreading fear. But what is there to fear? Are the information leaked a threat to national security? Or are they simply a threat to the reigning power? I haven't read all the documents but so far I have not seen anything that is really threatening to lives of people. It is threatening to policies that are based on misinformation, it is threatening to the continuation of failed projects, and most of all, it is embarrasing for the US foreign policy and diplomatic force. To fight it, they try to shut it down by closing down it's sources of money though it means pressuring international payment companies like VISA, MasterCard and PayPal to start censoring peoples payments, censoring hosting at Amazon, censoring domains at EveryDNS. It's all to protect the power of the government at the cost of your freedom and your constitutional rights and is justified by spreading fear.

"If this Nation is to remain true to the ideals symobolized by its flag it must not wield the tools of tyrants."

Justice John Paul Stevens, 2004

History has proven again and again that information always wins fear! That is why secrecy is so important to governments. They need it to keep control. The thing is, times have changed. This is what I have been telling companies for the last four years. Companies have lost control over the information that is out there. Now governments have to wake up to the same reality. They do not control the information out there. We do. I do. YOU DO!

Since 9/11 fear has worked incredibly well in the US to limit the people in "the land of the free and the brave". Dear Americans, you used to be a role model to the world. Don't make a mockery of yourselves. Stand up for what you used stand for: Freedom, democracy, bravery.

"Those who would give up essential Liberty, to purchase a little temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety."

Benjamin Franklin, 1755

 

Viva la revealution!

Hjörtur Smárason

You can follow me on Twitter and Facebook.

DataCell Threatens to Sue Visa for Stopping Wikileaks Payments

 

DataCell, the Icelandic online payment company that has kept the channels open to Wikileaks, threatened earlier today to sue VISA for stopping payments via DataCell to Wikileaks. According to Ólafur Sigurvinsson, the founder of DataCell, VISA contacted them today and is sending a team of negotiators to Iceland tomorrow to try to settle the case. VISA is stopping all payments via DataCell for 7 days while they are investigating if DataCell's operation is against the law.

According to Sigurvinsson, VISA is willing to pay DataCell high compensation rather than irritate the US government. "They are fully aware that they are violating our rights" says Sigurvinsson to the Icelandic news channel mbl.is. "I've got confirmed today that I am capable of supporting Al-Qaeda, Ku Klux Klan, buy weapons, drugs and all sorts of pornopraphy with a VISA card. But that's not being investigated. Instead I can not support a humanitarian organisation fighting for the freedom of speech."

On the DataCell website Andreas Fink, CEO of DataCell issued a statement yesterday saying:

"Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without censorship and/or limitation. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law. Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law.

It is simply ridiculous to even think Wikileaks has done anything criminal. If Wikileaks is criminal, then CNN, and BBC, The New York Times, The Guardian, Al Jaseira and many others would have to be considered criminals too as they publish the same informations. Nobody even tries to touch them though. You can still buy a New York times subscription and pay with your credit card I guess.

We have not even heard of the Wikileaks organisation being accused anywhere in the world for any crime. The conclusion is that it is only honorable to donate to Wikileaks as they fight for our human rights."

 

Following with another statement today

"Since yesterday around 22:30 CET Visa and Mastercard payments are being rejected on our donation system. We have received a suspension notice stating that Visa Europe has ordered our payment processor to suspend payments and undertake due diligence investigation in order to pretect the Visa brand ensure neither the payment processor nor Visa Europe is running legal risks by facilitating payments for the funding of the Wikileaks website. For the same reasons the payment processor has suspended the payments of Mastercard.

The suspension period will be one week with effect from 8 December 2010 Danish local time. The suspension period may be prolonged.

DataCell ehf who facilitates those payments towards Wikileaks has decided to take up immediatelegal actions to make donations possible again. We can not believe Wikileaks would even create scratch at the brand name of Visa. The suspension of payments towards Wikileaks is a violation of the agreements with their customers. Visa users have explicitly expressed their will to send their donations to Wikileaks and Visa is not fulfilling this wish. It will probably hurt their brand much much more to block payments towards Wikileaks than to have them occur. Visa customers are contacting us in masses to confirm that they really donate and they are not happy about Visa rejecting them. It is obvious that Visa is under political pressure to close us down. We strongly believe a world class company such as Visa should not get involved by politics and just simply do their business where they are good at. Transferring money. They have no problem transferring money for other businesses such as gambling sites, pornography services and the like so why a donation to a Website which is holding up for human rights should be morally any worse than that is outside of my understanding.

Visa is hurting Wikileaks and DataCell ehf in high figures. Putting all payments on hold for 7 days or more is one thing but rejecting all further attempts to donate is making the donations impossible. This does clearly create massive financial losses to Wikileaks which seems to be the only purpose of this suspension. This is not about the brand of Visa, this is about politics and Visa should not be involved in this.

If you want to donate, use wiretransfers. And make sure your local Visa partner knows that it is your sincere wish to donate to Wikileaks using your Visa card. We will do our best in the meantime to support Wikileaks.

Andreas Fink
CEO
DataCell ehf"

I will keep you updated on the development.

Hjörtur Smárason

You can follow me on Twitter or Facebook.

UPDATE at 19:55 GMT: According to Sigurvinsson, donations are even greater now than before, but DataCell has been helping people to donate via direct wiretransfers.

Wikileaks: What Does Assange's Arrest Tell Us?

Wikileaks founder Julian Assange was jailed today and will be in custody until December 14th. He's charged for "Sex by surprise", whatever that means! (You can read the story on the accusations here)

I want to ask you to give this a thought. The most serious charges they can find is "sex by surprise". Why is he not charged for leaking secrets? Jeopardizing international security? Treason? Terrorism?

Maybe it's because he hasn't broken into anything. He hasn't stolen anything. He hasn't broken any laws. All he did, was sharing information he got from his "sources", who ever they may be. What he is doing is journalism, reveling international relations and "inconvenient" information. Nothing in the documents is directly putting anyone in direct danger, but it is jeopardizing balance, corruption, bad policies and misinformation. Something we usually find good, except this time it's also about the US.

What I find really disturbing is that the US government is being successful in censoring powerful International companies by pressuring them to close access to Wikileaks like Amazon, Mastercard, VISA, PayPal and others. They bend to US pressure and CENSOR the Internet because the information is bad for the government. What does that tell us about our rights and security? They only apply when it suits the US government?

 

Dear fellow Internet users, let's not let them get away with this. Yes, Assange and Wikileaks are sometimes juvenile and extreme, but we can not let that jeopardize the freedom of speech and the freedom of Internet. If Julian Assange is doing anything illegal or dangerous in reality, they have all opportunity to press charges and take it the legal way. But they can't! 

It's our duty to stand up for Assange and Wikileaks. This is journalism and diplomacy of the 21st century, in the times of the Internet. Governments just have to wake up to reality.

Hjörtur Smárason

You can follow me on Twitter or Facebook.

The Illusion and Reality of the Freedom of the Internet

 

"Information has never been so free," declared Hillary Clinton in her speech on Internet freedom in January this year. "Even in authoritarian countries, information networks are helping people discover new facts and making governments more accountable." And she continued saying how Obama had during his visit to China in November "defended the right of people to freely access information, and said that the more freely information flows the stronger societies become. He spoke about how access to information helps citizens to hold their governments accountable, generates new ideas, and encourages creativity." (quotes via Guardian)

During the protests in Teheran in June 2009 Twitter turned out to be a vital tool for the opposition in Iran when journalists had been kicked out and the Internet "shut down". Still the opposition managed to get the message out to the world via twitter and mobile phones and networks like CNN used tweets as their prime source for news from Teheran. This was revolutionary and the foreign department even asked Twitter to reschedule their maintenance so that it wouldn't be at a bad moment for the opposition in Iran. 

But now things are different. When the information being leaked out is classified diplomatic information from US embassies the Internet is, all of a sudden, not as free as it used to be. Twitter trends are being censored with Wikileaks not appearing on the trends list despite being the most trending phrase. Companies like Amazon is pressured to throw Wikileaks out of their servers, PayPal is pressured to shut down the Wikileaks account so they can not receive donations. Wikileaks bank accounts in Switzerland are frozen and MasterCard announces Wikileaks can not be supported with a payment via MasterCard. 

Is this the freedom of the Internet? The freedom to reveal inconvenient secrets about "the axis of evil" but not about the US. Is the strengthening of societies at the cost of governments only good when it happens in other societies than the US? Are we being censored on Twitter, Facebook and Google? Are we OK with the US government shutting down domains of websites reveling inconvenient information? 

Politicians need to wake up to reality. The reality of the connected world. The reality of journalism in the times of the Internet. It doesn't make any difference if Julian Assange is jailed or Wikileaks shut down. People will tell. Information will be shared. Secrets will leak at a pace never seen before. 

I don't approve with everything Julian Assange does. But I think the freedom of the Internet is something we need to stand up for. It's something politicians not only in China and Iran need to wake up to but in Washington DC as well. The power is shifting to the people. That's the power of the Internet. 

In Iceland we have had it with deceiving politicians and manipulating authority. As the world saw during the Cod Wars Icelanders are really bad at bending to authority. And again when it came to the Icesave agreement. The people of Iceland just chose 25 people from the general public to rewrite the constitution redistributing power so that politicians can not repeat the corruption that lead to the collapse of the Icelandic economy two years ago. And Icelanders support the transparency Wikileaks brings to diplomacy. It's time to stop playing those silly games and getting our act together. 

Wikileaks is still hosted on servers in Iceland, along with hundreds of mirror sites around the world, and you can still donate to Wikileaks through Datacell, an Icelandic payment company - even though you have a Mastercard. Those companies are being pressured and are being attacked but have decided to protect the freedom of speech and not bend over to the manipulating power of governments. 

Though I'm not a diplomat, I do have a masters degree in diplomacy and know that secrecy is sometimes essential in diplomatic relations. And that it is essential to protect sources and allow people to speak out and share information about the abuse of force and power without risking their lives. That's why the documents leaked are censored to protect those sources.

So is the freedom of the Internet just an illusion? No, it's not. But I advice you never to be dependent on only one company, server or website, whether that is Facebook, Twitter, Google, Amazon cloud servers or other. We need to make sure no company becomes too dominant on the Internet and that we never become dependent on one company. Host on mirror servers overseas. Take a back up of all your connections. Don't rely only on groups, pages or twitter accounts for communications, keep building up your email lists. Keep sharing information on different platforms. Only that way can we protect the freedom of the Internet and make sure we, the users, still run the show and not them.

Hjörtur Smárason

 

Let's connect on Twitter or Facebook. 

Keynote Speaker on Social Media and Marketing for the Travel Industry

Talks and courses on social media and marketing are becoming a bigger and bigger part of my schedule. I am now booking 2011 and it looks like it's going to be an exciting year. This year and the last I've been running courses, live-blogging and giving talks at conferences in as different places as New York, Faroe Islands, Berlin and Latvia. My main focus has been on the travel industry though that is not always the case. Most popular are my two day courses on social media and Internet marketing for the travel industry.

I'm now booking 2011 and it looks like I'll be in Latvia, Belgium, Greenland, Denmark and Norway, as well as Iceland of course. Some other exciting events are being explored as well. Exact dates and location can be found on my "Keynote Speaker Schedule"

If you're interested in getting a talk at your event or a practical and effective course in your home town on how to use social media and the Internet, send me a line. 

Hjörtur Smárason
Keynote speaker on social media and marketing 
hjortur (at) scope.is 

Dear World Leaders. We are still waiting. - The UN Winning Ad!

 Stefan Einarsson

An old colleague of mine, Stefan Einarsson, won a prestige award today. He got the first prize in a UN competition for the best ad for fighting poverty in the world, called "Unleash Your Creativity Against Poverty". He accepted the award in Madrid today from Her Majesty Queen Sofia of Spain, along with the actor Antonio Banderas who was awarded for his work for the UN. 

Stefan is an art director at the White House ad agency in Reykjavik, Iceland and has received a number of awards both national and international. He was the art director of the Mastercard Circular Campaign where I was the copy writer. That campaign won the Cresta Awards, Epica Awards and New York Festivals awards. Stefán is one of the most creative designers I've worked with and it is no surprise to me that he wins this awards. I have seen his creative brilliance at work. Out of the 2030 competing ads, he had not only the winning ad, but also the one in third place and a third one in the top 30.

Stefan Einarsson 

When receiving the award Stefan said: "Our crisis is mainly a crisis of luxury. We had too much and still have enough. We should be grateful every day for being among the few in the world who are fortunate enough to have access to clean water, food, medical care, education, housing and security." 

Congratulations, Stefán!

Hjörtur

Nation branding: Icesave, the referendum and the brand Iceland

It's been an interesting weekend in Iceland, with the first referendum since Iceland got independence from Denmark in 1944. After heated discussions about the importance, or non-importance of the referendum, and what the people of the world will think of Iceland after all of this Icesave talk, I'm now leaving all that behind heading for new adventures. I'm sitting on a plane with a fantastic view over snow capped mountains, frozen lakes and deep narrow fjords of Norway, heading to the PhocusWright conference at ITB Berlin. But lets wrap up first.

Icesave is a dispute between Iceland on the one hand and UK and the Netherlands on the other about Iceland paying back the money those countries used to bail out depositors in their countries because of the bankruptcy of an Icelandic bank operating there. I'm not going to tire you with arguments about what would be just, Iceland to pay or not, and under what conditions.  My focus is on the effect this case has on the brand Iceland.

When the Icelandic president vetoed the law confirming an agreement that those countries had made, it made headlines all around Europe. It was a very unusual act by the president but over 56.000 people, about 23% of registered voters, had signed a petition to the president to do so because they felt Iceland was being forced into a deal it could never withhold, a debt prison where every man, woman and child in the country was being forced to pay back 12.000 Euros per person to UK and NL, plus interest. The veto meant that the law should be put up for a vote by the Icelandic nation.

The referendum was last saturday and the question was simple: should the law confirming the agreement be accepted or denied. The message was clear, 93,2% voted for NO, 1,8% voted for yes and the rest were blank votes, mainly protesting that there was a referendum when a better deal was already in the making. This again got media attention in Europe and the US. Both when the president vetoed the law and after the referendum, the articles and the media coverage was mixed, some saying Iceland would be outcasted because she would not pay, while others said it was the right thing to do because Iceland was getting unfair treatment forced to pay back the debts of a private company abroad - and that anyone could be next.

All the criticism Iceland got abroad, has got many people here in Iceland worried about the brand Iceland. They are worried that it is now ruined. That is based on the incorrect assumption that negative publicity always has a negative effect on a brand. We should all know that those who always try to please everyone usually don't get much respect and usually have an unclear image as they are likely to change their behaviour to please someone else. On the other hand, those who are true to their believes and opinions and are consistent in their behaviour tend to strengthen their brand and image, whether they are pleasing people or not.

Icelanders have been proud of being hard-working, independent and stubborn people who are willing to go along way to protect their newly gained independence and interests. Proud of being the nation that has never had an army of its own but still conquered Britain in three wars in the last century. The veto and the result of the referendum is consistent with the image Iceland earned last century and is only strengthening that. That is a good thing for the Icelandic brand.

In 2009 there was a 5.5% decrease in tourism in Europe. In Iceland the government cut the marketing budget for Iceland as a destination by 20%. Additional to that, Iceland got a lot of negative publicity because of the collapse of the banking sector and grim economic prospects. One could expect this to have a devastating effect on the tourist industry in Iceland. But guess what. Iceland had an increase in tourism in 2009 despite all this. Now,  popularity as a tourist destination is NOT the same as a nation brand, though some correlation can be expected. It would be interesting to see what effect all this has on Iceland in Anholt's Nation Brand Index, but my guess is that participation in that research is one of the post that have been cut down. There are three main factors that can be pointed out to explain the increase in tourism in Iceland:

1. Good negative publicity

2. Fall of the Icelandic krona making the country more affordable for foreigners

3. Better use of the marketing budget, shifting focus more to the core markets, cutting down the less efficient marketing channels and the overhead

This of course doesn't mean that ALL negative publicity is positive. But it is a reminder that negative publicity isn't neccesseraly negative for your brand. It can be a reinforcement of it. Besides, the smaller your brand is, the less you have to lose and more you have to gain. Just think Borat. Before Borat noone knew anything about Kazakhstan. Now people know at least that there is a country named Kazakhstan they know nothing about. That's the first step.

The lights on my left are shaped like Copenhagen. That's good. It's getting dark and the trolls are probobaly about to wake up in the Norwegian mountains. Better be out of their way.

See you at ITB Berlin
Hjörtur

Are You Being Censored?

Freedom of speech is a privilege that the public has fought for, and given their life for. But I think the public in the west might be taking this privilege too much for granted now.

Connecting with people from different parts of the world and hearing about their fight for freedom of speech is a good reminder of the tremendous importance of these rights and that it is not something we can take for granted. It is something we have to always be aware of and make sure is not taken from us.

When things get tough, when people get desperate, it doesn't take long to lose the rights we take for granted. Hitler was democratically chosen because he offered solutions to a grave economic situation. Within days after he took power, civil rights had been removed, protesters killed and the rest is history. We've seen how US citizens, as well as US visitors have lost much of their rights because of new regulations following 9/11. Driven by fear, people accepted what would have been an outrage only few months earlier.

In January last year a very moving editorial was published in a newspaper in Sri Lanka. A post mortem article from an editor who wrote about the chances of him being killed and why that was. He was killed before the article was published.

We are seeing how people are fighting against oppressing governments in China, Iran and elsewhere in the world, where journalists are jailed and sometimes disapear, where all mainstream media is edited and censored, where access to the internet is restricted and where the government is using all methods they can think of to control access to information. China even tried to control who Barack Obama would meet with and freedom fighters in Iran are filling the streets today in their green revolution. Social media is an extremely powerful tool to fight this oppression of the freedom of the speech. We are seeing how demonstrators and independent minds are trying to get the word out through blogging, through twitter and through other channels of social media.

When China closed access to Twitter on June 4th, they were censoring me. I have twitter friends in China which I talk to and share information with and now what I say can not reach them.  Well, until they found a way around it.

The China hacker attack on Gmail, the Iranian gmail censorship, the hacker attack on Norwegian online newspapers that published the drawings of Mohamed just last night are all examples of forces that are trying to suppress the freedom of speech and censor the information flow.

But these are dangers to the freedom of speech we are maybe more aware of. There are threats to freedom of speech much more closer to us than we like to think. Whether in Iceland, the US or Europe, there are forces which maybe don't try to censor information directly, but very strategically try to manipulate the information that gets through, and the way they are portraited. That's maybe something that will never be prevented as people try to get the story out in a form that best benefits them selves, but it's important that we are aware of those efforts and threats and do our own fact checking.

In the last war in Palestine we saw the propaganda war that was being fought in both the traditional media as well as in social media. That was expected. What I did not expect was when I started hearing from people who were posting pro Palestinian videos on YouTube and Facebook that were removed. You see, these websites are extremely important in modern day information sharing and the power of the managers of the site is disturbingly much.

This doesn't only apply to a conflict like the Israeli-Palestine conflict. This also applies to pictures of breastfeeding that were removed from Facebook, false reviews companies are paying people to write, etc. There's a rumor about "The 50 cent army" in China, an army as big as 300.000 people that get paid 50 cents for each comment or forum post that reinforces the views and "truth" of the government and by that distorting and manipulating a healthy critical discussion. That is a kind of manipulation that a political party in the west might easily think of doing.

So let's remember this:

There are two sides to every story. Before aggregating a story, do a fact check and listen to the other side.

Never take the freedom of speech for granted.

Fight for others freedom of speech. Like the German poet Niemöller said:

First they came for the Jews

            and I did not speak out because I was not a Jew.

Then they came for the Communists

            and I did not speak out because I was not a Communist.

Then they came for the trade unionists

            and I did not speak out because I was not a trade unionist.

Then they came for me

            and there was no one left to speak out for me.

"The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing."

Hjörtur

ps. if you want to follow the events in Iran today and hear what you can do to help spread the word, follow Negar Chevre on twitter.

pps. The image is from a brilliant photographer on Flickr and an old friend of mine, Timbersmith.

Social Media's Role in Iranian Protests

News from Iran are constantly coming in, in all traditional media. A lot of the information is from twitter streams and Facebook profiles that are believed to be authentic Iranian accounts reporting live to the world.

While the Iranian government has tried to shut down communication the students have managed to find ways to get the message out. And everything that happens is well recorded and video taped and we have to make sure that all authentic message is heard by the world.

Here are the latest updates from today:

WARNING: Contains graphic and disturbing images.

A young girl died today when she got hit by a bullet. Her name was Neda:

When street protests were banned and people told to be quiet they went up to the roof tops and shouted Allah akbar - God is great.

According to Twitter streams, injured people are being arrested in hospitals, tanks are entering the streets and the violence seems to be escalating. There are misleading news though. Here's a list of twitter accounts that are considered fake. Some to follow are news reporters @anncurry from NBC and @andersoncooper from CNN, and people on the ground @change_for_iran, @persiankiwi and @randomhuman.

There isn't much we can do to help, other then show support and make sure their stories get heard. To show support, you can change into a green avartar and retweet the word from trusted sources.

Hjörtur